Can living donor liver transplantation offer similar outcomes to deceased donor liver transplantation using expanded selection criteria for hepatocellular carcinoma?

To compare the outcomes of living donor liver transplantation [LDLT] versus deceased donor liver transplantation [DDLT] for patients with hepatocellular carcinoma [HCC] in different selection criteria. Data of patients with HCC who underwent liver transplantation between 2005 and 2013 at our center were reviewed. Clinical data of LDLT recipients and DDLT recipients were compared. The postoperative recurrence-free survival [RFS] rate and overall survival [OS] rate after LDLT versus DDLT were compared in the Milan recipients, the University of California, San Francisco [UCSF] recipients, the up-to-seven recipients, the Hangzhou recipients and the Chengdu recipients. Data of 255 patients were retrospectively reviewed in this study. Seventeen DDLT recipient and 9 LDLT recipients died during the perioperative period. Among the remaining 229 recipients [N[LDLT]=66, N[DDL]T=163], 96 patients met the Milan criteria, 123 recipients met the UCSF criteria, 135 patients met the up-to-seven criteria, 216 patients met the Hangzhou criteria, and 229 recipients met the Chengdu criteria. The overall RFS and OS rates of the Milan recipients, the UCSF recipients, the up-to-seven recipients, the Hangzhou recipients and the Chengdu recipients after LDLT and DDLT were all similar. Using well-studied selection criteria, LDLT offers similar outcomes to DDLT for patient with HCC, even using expanded selection criteria

Alternatives to albumin administration in hepatocellular carcinoma patients undergoing hepatectomy: an open, randomized clinical trial of efficacy and safety / 中华医学杂志(英文版)

<p><b>BACKGROUND</b>The value of artificial colloids in treating patients with liver disease is controversial. The effects of intravascular volume replacement regimens on liver function secondary to alteration of the postoperative inflammatory response are not known. In this study, we evaluated the effects of different volume replacement regimens in hepatocellular carcinoma patients undergoing hepatectomy to clarify whether albumin administration can be replaced by other volume replacement products.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Ninety consecutive hepatocellular carcinoma patients scheduled for hepatectomy were prospectively randomized to receive 20% human albumin (HA), 6% hydroxyethyl starch (HES) or lactated Ringer's solution (LR) for postoperative volume replacement. Hemodynamic, liver function and inflammatory response parameters were recorded on postoperative days one, three, and five throughout the investigation period.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Significantly less volume was required in the HA and the HES groups. Although patients in all groups had similar baseline values, the plasma osmolality was significantly higher in the HA and HES groups. Total bilirubin (TB), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) increased from baseline in all groups, and did not differ significantly between groups. C-reactive protein (CRP) was significantly lower in the HES group compared with the other groups.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>In hepatocellular carcinoma patients undergoing hepatectomy, HA can be replaced by HES or LR in well selected patients. Hemodynamic stability, liver function, and postoperative clinical outcomes could be equivalently achieved in the HES group; also, HES may exert more favorable effects on the acute phase response.</p>

Transdiaphragmatic exposure for direct atrioatrial anastomosis in liver transplantation / 中华医学杂志(英文版)

<p><b>BACKGROUND</b>Liver transplantation in Budd-Chiari syndrome remains controversial; however, some improved techniques lead to better results. We report medium-term follow-up results of liver transplantation with atrioatrial anastomosis for Budd-Chiari syndrome and explore the indications of liver transplantation with atrioatrial anastomosis for patients with end stage liver disease.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Nine patients (six Budd-Chiari syndromes, one end stage hepatolithiasis, one hepatocellular carcinoma and one incurable alveolar echinococcosis) underwent liver transplantation with atrioatrial anastomosis in West China Hospital of Sichuan University from 1999 to 2006. Eight liver transplants used cadaveric orthotopic livers and one a living donor liver. The operative technique was transdiaphragmatic exposure for direct atrioatrial anastomosis and replacement of inferior vena cava by cryopreserved vena cava graft with the help of venovenous bypass.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>All liver transplantations were successful. Two patients contracted pulmonary infection and acute rejection took place in another case. With proper treatment, all patients recovered well and had good quality of life. To date, they have been followed up for more than 24 months. The only death followed recurrence of hepatic carcinoma three years after liver transplantation.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>Transdiaphragmatic exposure for direct atrioatrial anastomosis and the cryopreserved vena cava graft replacement of inferior vena cava are possible for patients with end stage liver disease thus extending the indications of liver transplantation.</p>

Augmented hepatic regeneration of living donor liver graft by intraportal insulin administration / 中华外科杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To evaluate the effect of postoperative intraportally administration of insulin on hepatic regeneration in adult patients underwent living donor right lobe liver transplantation (LDLT).</p><p><b>METHODS</b>From July 2005 to September 2007, 15 right lobe LDLT adult recipients voluntarily receiving posttransplant intraportal insulin administration, without postoperative vascular and bile duct complications, without immune rejection, with more than 1 month survival and complete clinical data were enrolled in this study as intraportal insulin-therapy group (Group I). Another consecutive 15 right lobe LDLT adult recipients meeting the upwards referred criteria were enrolled in as non-insulin-therapy control group (Group NI). Recipients in Group I were treated postoperatively with intraportal insulin infusion, as follows: a 18-gauge catheter was inserted into right gastro-omental vein during surgery, regular insulin was administered just after the operation at the rate of 2 units/hour for 7 days. Liver function and serum insulin level were measured at before-operative day 1, postoperative day (POD) 7 and 30. Graft volume (GV) were measured during operation, and at POD 7 and 30.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The rate defined as ratio of POD 7 GV/operation GV in Group I was higher than that of Group NI [(186.1 +/- 35.4)% vs. (160.6 +/- 22.1)%, P < 0.05]. The rate defined as ratio of POD 7 GRWR/operation GRWR was also higher in Group I than Group NI [(179.0 +/- 35.8) % vs. (156.6 +/- 18.5%, P < 0.05], whereas significant differences were not appeared between two groups in terms of regeneration rates at POD 30. Serum levels of total bilirubin, aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase in Group I were lower than that in Group NI at POD 7 (P < 0.05). Significant differences were not presented between two groups in terms of post-transplant serum insulin levels and total insulin dosage by subcutaneous administration and venous injection (P > 0.05).</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>These results suggest that intraportal insulin administration could augment liver graft regeneration during the first postoperative week.</p>

Evaluation of the effect of living donor liver transplantation on the treatment of severe hepatitis / 中华肝脏病杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To evaluate the effect of living donor liver transplantation on the treatment of severe hepatitis.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>18 patients with severe hepatitis received liver transplantation (transplanted severe hepatitis group), 28 patients with sever hepatitis received non surgical treatment (non-transplanted severe hepatitis group), and 30 patients with end stage liver cirrhosis (without cancer) received liver transplantation (transplanted cirrhosis group). The vital sign, blood coagulation, and renal function were monitored during operation. After liver transplantation, patients received immunosuppressive therapy (including tacrolimus or cyclosporine A, mycophenolate, mofetil and corticosteroids), intensive care, antiviral therapy (including lamivudine and HBIg) and other treatments (including restoration of liver function and prevention of blood coagulation). Pre-operation data, operation procedure, liver function, renal function and the operation complications of three groups were compared, and survival rate at 1, 6 and 12 months after operation was followed.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>There was no significant difference in the operation time, warm ischemia time, hypothermic ischemia time and Graft-to-recipient weight ratio between the two transplantation groups. The blood loss volume and blood transfusion volume in the transplanted severe hepatitis group were higher than that those in the cirrhosis transplantation group (t = 0.001, 0.004). The levels of TBil, ALT and AST at day 7 after operation were (100.5 +/- 96.4)mumol/L, (215.3 +/- 195.7) U/L , (209.8 +/- 188.6) U/L in the transplanted severe hepatitis group, and (53.3 +/- 31.9)mumol/L, (56.3 +/- 22.1) U/L, (51.3 +/- 13.5) U/L in the transplanted cirrhosis group (t = 0.017, 0.021, 0.004). However, there was no significant difference in the levels of Alb and Cr between these two groups (P > 0.05). Survival rate was 88.89%, 83.33% 83.33% in the transplanted severe hepatitis group, and 96.67%, 93.33% 93.33% in the transplanted cirrhosis group at 1, 6 and 12 months after transplantation.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Living donor liver transplantation is one of effect ways for the treatment of severe hepatitis.</p>

Outcomes of adult-to-adult living donor liver transplantation: a single center experience / 中华医学杂志(英文版)

<p><b>BACKGROUND</b>Since January 2002, adult-to-adult living donor liver transplantation (AALDLT) has gained increasing popularity in China in response to the shortage of cadaveric donor livers. This study presents a detailed analysis of the outcomes of AALDLT in a single center.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>A total of 70 patients underwent AALDLT at our center between January 2002 and January 2007. Among these, 67 patients received a right lobe graft without the middle hepatic vein and 3 patients received dual grafts. Three-dimensional volumetric computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging with angiography and cholangiography were performed preoperatively. Recipient operation time, intraoperative transfusion requirement, length of intensive care unit stay, length of hospital stay, liver function tests, coagulation tests and surgical outcomes were routinely investigated throughout this study.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>All donors survived the procedure with an overall complication rate of 15.3%. Overall recipient 1-year survival and complication rates were 87.1% and 34.2%, respectively. Among the 70 cases, average graft recipient weight ratio was 0.94% (0.72% - 1.43%) and average graft volume/standard liver volume ratio was 46.42% (31.74% - 71.68%). All residual liver volumes exceeded 35%. Liver function and coagulation recovered rapidly within the first 7 days after transplantation.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>AALDLT is a safe procedure for the donors and an effective therapy for patients with end-stage liver disease. Patient selection and timely decision-making for transplantation are essential in achieving good outcomes. With accumulation of experience in surgery and clinical management, timely feedback and proper modification, we foresee better outcomes in the future.</p>

Hepatic arterial reconstruction and complications management in adult-to-adult living donor liver transplantation / 中华外科杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To explore the experience of hepatic arterial reconstruction and its management of complications in adult-to-adult living donor liver transplantation (A-A LDLT) using right lobe liver grafts.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>From January 2002 to July 2006, 50 of A-A LDLT using right lobe liver grafts were performed. All arterial anastomosis were performed to protect the donor hepatic arterial supply, in which donor right hepatic artery was sutured to recipient right hepatic artery in 24 patients, to recipient proper hepatic artery in 12 patients, to recipient left hepatic artery in 3 patients, to recipient common hepatic artery in 2 patients, to recipient aberrant right hepatic artery arising from superior mesenteric artery in 2 patients. Interpositional bypass using autogenous saphenous vein was performed between donor right hepatic artery and recipient common hepatic artery in 2 patients. Bypass was done between donor right hepatic artery and recipient abdominal aorta using autogenous saphenous vein in 2 patients and using stored cadaveric iliac vessels in 2 patients respectively. The diameter of donor right hepatic artery is between 1.5-2.5 mm, microsurgical technique was used under the magnified lobe of 3.5 times and operative microscope of 5-10 times.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>In these series, hepatic artery thrombosis (HAT) occurred in 2 recipients on 1st and 7th days following A-A LDLT (4%), which were revascularized with autogenous saphenous vein between donor right hepatic artery and recipient abdominal aorta immediately, HAT in 1 recipient occurred one and a half month following A-A LDLT, but no symptom was presented. No hepatic artery stenosis and aneurysm occurred during follow-up period. No death related to hepatic artery complications occurred. All recipients were followed up from 2 to 52 months (mean follow-up 9 months). 1-year survival rate was 92%.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>Proper anastomotic vessel choose and use of microsurgical technique in hepatic arterial reconstruction would reduce significantly the incidence of hepatic artery complications and provide an excellent graft survival following A-A LDLT.</p>

Excision and reconstruction of anomalous portal venous branching in adult-to-adult right lobe living donor liver transplantation / 中华外科杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To discuss the techniques for excision and reconstruction of anomalous portal venous branches (APVB) in adult-to-adult right lobe living donor liver transplantation (A-A RL LDLT).</p><p><b>METHODS</b>From February 2002 to April 2007, 70 cases of A-A RL LDLT were performed. Preoperative three-dimensional computed tomography of the donor revealed the configurations of hepatic artery, portal vein and hepatic vein. Nine donors had anomalous portal venous branching (APVB). The APVB were type II (trifurcation) in 7 cases and type III in two. Except the excision of APVB with a common opening by a narrow bridge of main portal vein tissue in one type II donor, all the right APVB were transected on the principal of donor priority: right APVB being excised approximately 2-3 mm from the confluence while leaving the donor's portal vein intact. In type II APVB, the donor portal venous branches were transected with separate two openings and reconstructed as double anastomoses in 4 cases, with separate two openings joined as a common orifice at the back table and reconstructed as single anastomoses in 2 cases, and with one common opening with narrow-bridge of tissue and reconstructed as single anastomoses in 1 case. In type III APVB, the APVB were transected with separate two openings and were reconstructed by double anastomoses in 1 case and by a new technique named U-shaped vein graft interposition in the another one.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>There were no vascular complications such as portal vein stricture or thrombosis, hepatic artery stricture or thrombosis and hepatic vein outflow stricture in all 9 recipients transplanted with grafts with APVB. Only the type II APVB donor undergoing a excision of APVB with a common opening by a narrow bridge of main portal vein tissue developed portal vein thrombosis on the third postoperative day and underwent thrombectomy followed by repair with vein patch plasty. The velocity of blood flow in the U-graft was normal.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>It is feasible and safe of APVB excision on the principal of donor priority and reconstruction including double anastomoses and the novel U-graft interposition in A-A RL LDLT, and has a good outcome without increasing the management difficulty.</p>

Evaluation of living donor liver transplantation for patients with hepatocellular carcinoma / 中华肝脏病杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To evaluate the donor risks and potential recipient benefits of living donor liver transplantation (LDLT) for adult patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).</p><p><b>METHODS</b>From January 2002 to December 2006, a total of 27 LDLT for HCC patients were performed in our center, of which 25 received right lobe grafts and 2 received dual grafts. The clinical and follow-up data of these 27 recipients and 29 donors were analyzed retrospectively.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Of the 29 donors, the overall complication rate was 17.24% (5 cases). Two cases (6.90%) experienced major complications (one with intra-abdominal bleeding and one with portal vein thrombosis) and three cases (10.34%) experienced minor ones (fat necrosis and infection of the surgical skin wound in one, pleural effusion in another and transient chyle leakage in the third). All donors were fully recovered and returned to their previous work. No recipients developed small-for-size syndrome. The overall HCC patients survival rate at 1- and 3-years was 84.01% and 71.40%, respectively, similar to that of patients undergoing LDLT for various nonmalignant diseases during the same period (P > 0.05).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Although further study is needed to fully assess the risks and benefits of LDLT for the HCC patients and donors, our present results preliminarily suggest that LDLT offers an acceptable chance and duration of survival in patients with HCC, and it is a relatively safe procedure.</p>

Hepatic venous outflow reconstruction in adult right lobe living donor liver transplantation without middle hepatic vein / 中华医学杂志(英文版)

<p><b>BACKGROUND</b>It is difficult and challenging to reconstruct hepatic venous outflow in adult right lobe living donor liver transplantation (LDLT) without the middle hepatic vein (MHV). Excessive perfusion of the portal vein and venous outflow obstruction will lead to acute congestion of the graft, ultimately resulting in primary nonfunction. Although various reconstruction patterns have been explored in many countries, there is currently no clear consensus. In this study we describe a technique to prevent "chocking" of the graft at the outflow anastomosis with the inferior vena cava (IVC) in LDLT using right lobe graft without the MHV.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>A retrospective analysis was conducted on clinical data from 55 recipients undergoing LDLT using right lobe grafts without the MHV or reconstruction of hepatic venous outflow. The donor's right hepatic vein (RHV) was anastomosed with a triangular opening of the recipient IVC; the inferior right hepatic vein (IRHV), if large enough, was anastomosed directly to the IVC. The great saphenous vein (GSV) was used for reconstruction of significant MHV tributaries.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>No deaths occurred in any of the donors. Of the 55 recipients, complications occurred in 6, including hepatic vein stricture (1 case), small-for-size syndrome (1), hepatic artery thrombosis (1), intestinal bleeding (1), bile leakage (1), left subphrenic abscess and pulmonary infection (1). A total of three patients died, one from small-for-size syndrome and two from multiple system organ failure.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>The multiple-opening vertical anastomosis was reconstructed with hepatic vein outflow. This technique alleviates surgical risk of living donors, ensures excellent venous drainage, and prevents vascular thromboses and primary nonfunction.</p>

Establishment of hepatocellular carcinoma multidrug resistant monoclone cell line HepG2/mdr1 / 中华医学杂志(英文版)

<p><b>BACKGROUND</b>The multidrug resistance (MDR) associated with the expression of the mdr1 gene and its product P-glycoprotein is a major factor in the prognosis of hepatocellular carcinoma cell (HCC) patients treated with chemotherapy. Our study was to establish a stable HCC MDR cell line where a de novo acquisition of multidrug resistance specifically related to overexpression of a transgenic mdr1.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>The 4.5-kb mdr1 cDNA obtained from the plasmid pHaMDR1-1 was cloned into the PCI-neo mammalian expression vector, later was transferred by liposome to human hepatocarcinoma cell line HepG2. Then the transfected HepG2 cells resisting G418 were clustered and cultured and the specific fragment of mdr1 cDNA, mRNA and the P-glycoprotein (Pgp) in these HepG2 cells were detected by PCR, RT-PCR and flow cytometry, respectively. The accumulation of the daunorubicin was determinated by flow cytometry simultaneously. The nude mice model of grafting tumour was established by injecting subcutaneously HepG2/mdr1 cells in the right axilla. When the tumour diameter reached 5 mm, adriamycin was injected into peritoneal cavity. The size and growth inhibition of tumour were evaluated.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The mdr1 expression vector was constructed successfully and the MDR HCC line HepG2/mdr1 developed. The PCR analysis showed that the specific fragment of mdr1 cDNA in HepG2/mdr1 cells, but not in the control group HepG2 cells. Furthermore, the content of the specific fragment of mdr1 mRNA and Pgp expression in HepG2/mdr1 cells were (59.7 +/- 7.9)% and (12.28 +/- 2.09)%, respectively, compared with (16.9 +/- 3.2)% and (3.07 +/- 1.06)% in HepG2 cells. In the nude mice HCC model, the tumour genes of both groups were identified. After ADM therapy, the mean size of HepG2 cell tumours was significantly smaller than HepG2/mdr1 cell tumours.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The approach using the transfer of mdr1 cDNA may be applicable to the development of MDR hepatocarcinoma cell line, whose MDR mechanism is known. This would provide the experimental basis of MDR research.</p>

Liver transplantation for chronic hepatitis B patients with lamivudine monotherapy or lamivudine combined with individualized low-dose hepatitis B immunoglobulin treatment / 中华肝脏病杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>The aim of this study was designed to evaluate the outcomes of liver transplant recipients with chronic hepatitis B (CHB) receiving either lamivudine monotherapy or lamivudine combined with individualized low-dose hepatitis B immunoglobulin (HBIG) therapy.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>A total of 111 liver transplant recipients with CHB were divided not randomly into two groups according to the availability of HBIG before liver transplantation (LT). Thirty-two patients received lamivudine monotherapy (100 mg/d) and 79 patients received lamivudine (100 mg/d) combined with individualized low-dose HBIG (intramuscular administration) to maintain the titer of antibody to hepatitis B virus (HBV) surface antigen (anti-HBs) not less than 100 U/L. The patients were followed-up for a median time of 32 months (1 to 88 months).</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>In the lamivudine monotherapy group, 5 patients hepatitis B relapsed (3/5 developed YMDD mutants of HBV), with 1-, 2-, and 3-year cumulative recurrence rates of 7.1%, 14.3% and 17.9% and survival rates of 87.5%, 84.4% and 74.6%. In the lamivudine and HBIG combination therapy group, 2 patients hepatitis B relapsed (2/2 developed YMDD mutants of HBV), with 1-, 2-, and 3-year cumulative recurrence rates of 0, 1.8% and 5.7% (P < 0.01) and survival rates of 83.5%, 80.9% and 77.6% (P > 0.05).</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>Compared with lamivudine monotherapy, lamivudine combined with individualized low-dose HBIG can further reduce the recurrence risk of hepatitis B in liver transplant recipients. This combined therapy could be used as a rational strategy for prophylaxis of hepatitis B recurrence in such patients.</p>

Clinical study of adult to adult living donor liver transplantation: a report of 56 cases / 中华外科杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the ways to ensure the safety of donors and recipients in adult-to-adult living donor liver transplantation (A-ALDLT).</p><p><b>METHODS</b>From January 2002 to September 2006, 56 A-ALDLT were performed in our division, including 52 cases of right lobe graft were obtained without medial hepatic vein (MHV) and 4 cases of dual grafts (1 case using two left lobes, 3 cases using 1 right and 1 left lobe). The most common diagnoses were hepatitis B liver cirrhosis (62.5%) and hepatocellular carcinoma (30.4%) in recipients. Among them, 10 cases scored more than 25 with the model of end-stage liver disease (MELD) scoring system. Triphasic liver computed tomography were used for reconstruction of hepatic vessels and to calculate total liver and right liver volumes in donors. Various innovative surgical techniques were adopted too.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>From the 58 living donors, 55 right lobes and 3 left lobes were obtained. The 55 right lobe grafts were obtained without medial hepatic vein, weighed 400 approximately 860 g (median 550 g). The ratio of graft volume to recipient standard liver volume ranged from 31.7% to 71.7% (median 45.4%). All donors' remnant liver volumes were over 35% of the total liver volume. There was no donor mortality, but 7 (12.5%) donors experienced complications. Of the 56 recipients, with a follow-up period of 2 approximately 52 months (median 11 months), 15 (26.8%) developed complications and 4 (7.2%) died within 3 months post operation. The 1-year actual survival rate was 92.8%.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>When preoperative CT volume shows remnant liver volume is greater than 35% of the total liver volume, and graft volume to recipient's standard liver volume ratio is over 40%, A-ALDLT using right lobe graft is a safe procedure for both donors and recipients, otherwise the dual graft liver transplantation should be considered.</p>

Modifications of surgical technique in adult-to-adult living donor liver transplantation / 中华外科杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To report the authors' experience with adult-to-adult living donor liver transplantation using right lobe liver grafts performed by a modified technique.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>From March to June 2005, 13 patients underwent living donor liver transplantation using right lobe grafts. Among these, one patient received two left lobes from his two elder sisters, one received a right lobe from his mother and a left lobe from a cadaveric donor. All patient underwent a modification designed to improve the reconstruction of right hepatic vein, the reconstruction the tributaries of the middle hepatic vein by interpositioning a vein grafts, and the anastomosis of the hepatic arteries and bile ducts.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>There were no severe complications and deaths found in donors. Four complications occurred in recipients including hepatic artery thrombosis (n = 1), bile leakage (n = 1), left subphrenic abscess (n = 1) and pulmonary infection (n = 1). The patient with pulmonary infection died of multiple organ failure (MOF). All patients underwent direct anastomosis of right hepatic vein and inferior vena cava (IVC), 5 cases plus the reconstructions of right inferior hepatic vein, and the other 5 cases plus the reconstruction of the tributaries of the middle hepatic vein by interpositioning a vein graft to provide sufficient venous outflow. The graft and recipient weight ratio (GRWR) were between 0.72% and 1.24%, among these, 9 cases < 1.0% and 2 cases < 0.8%, and there was no "small-for-size syndrome" occurred.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>With modifications of surgical technique, especially the reconstruction of hepatic vein to provide sufficient venous outflow, living donor liver transplantation in adults using right lobe liver grafts can become a relatively safe procedure and prevent the "small-for-size syndrome".</p>

Safety of donor of right lobe graft in living donor liver transplantation / 中华外科杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To evaluate the safety of donors of right lobe graft.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>We retrospectively studied 13 living donors of right lobe graft from January 2002 to June 2005. The right lobe grafts were obtained by transecting the liver on the right side of the middle hepatic vein. Liver transection was done by using an ultrasonic dissector without inflow vascular occlusion. The standard liver volume and the ratio of left lobe volume to the standard liver volume were calculated.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The mean blood loss was 490 ml. The mean blood transfusion was 440 ml. In the perioperative period the mean albumin administered was 85 g. One donor had portal vein trifurcation, two had a right posterior bile duct and a right anterior bile duct draining into the left bile duct, respectively. One had bile ducts from left lateral and left internal segment and right duct draining into common hepatic duct. On postoperative day 1 the donors' liver functions were found impaired to some extent, but all the indices rapidly returned to the normal level at the end of the first week. Postoperative complications included 1 case of abdominal bleeding, 2 wound steatosis and 1 chyle leak. There was no donor mortality. All donors are well and have returned to their previous occupations.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>The donation of right lobe graft for adult living donor liver transplantation is safe provided that the patency of the remnant hepatic vasculature and bile duct is ensured, the volume of the remnant liver exceeds 30% of the total liver volume, and there is no injury to the remnant liver.</p>

Using vein grafts in living donor liver transplantation / 中华肝脏病杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To study the use of vein grafts in adult-to-adult (AA) living donor liver transplantation (LDLT), we transplanted recipient vena saphena magna grafts for drainage of the paramedian portion of the right lobe liver grafts without a middle hepatic vein in LDLT.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>From January 2002 to March 2006, 26 patients underwent A-A LDLT, and recipient saphenous vein grafts were used for revascularization of veins and arteries such as: tributaries of the middle hepatic vein from V5, V8; right inferior hepatic vein; injured portal vein; and hepatic artery.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Total outflow reconstruction ratio of V5, V8 and right inferior hepatic vein was 76.9% (20/26), the ratio of one-vein reconstruction was 57.7%, and the ratio of two-vein reconstruction was 19.2%. Reconstruction patterns and cases were demonstrated as follows: V5 (n=3), V8 (n=2), V5 and V8 (n=3), V5 and right inferior hepatic vein (n=1), V8 and right inferior hepatic vein (n=1), right inferior hepatic vein (n=10), injured portal vein of the donor (n=1). Total ratio of hepatic artery bypass grafting was 11.5% (3/26), anastomosis between hepatic artery and abdominal aorta (n=2), and anastomosis between hepatic artery and hepatic artery (n=1). Doppler ultrasound showed no thrombosis and the blood flowed smoothly and without venous outflow obstruction during the 2 to 48 months follow-up period.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Reconstruction of V5 or V8 outflow and hepatic artery bypass grafting using vena saphena magna of the recipients can provide sufficient venous outflow and prevent the small-for-size syndrome and solve hepatic artery complications. This approach can be recommended.</p>

Reversal of multidrug resistance gene MDR1 and MRP of drug-resistant human hepatocellular carcinoma cells SMMC-7721/ADM with antisense phosphorothioate oligonucleotides / 中华肝脏病杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVES</b>To investigate the reversal effect of gene MDR1 and MRP with combinational antisense phosphorothioate oligonucleotide on Drug-resistant human hepatocellular carcinoma cells SMMC-7721/ADM.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>SMMC-7721/ADM was transfected with synthetic antisense phosphorothioate oligonucleotides complementary to gene MDR1 and MRP mediated by Lipofectamine. Drug sensitivity was measured by MTT assay, Fluorescence intensity of cells was determined by flow cytometric analysis, RH123 and DNR retention was assayed by confocal scanning laser microscopy.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>ASODN of MDR1+MRP increased the sensitivity of SMMC-7721/ADM to chemotherapeutic drug more significantly than that any of MDR1 and MRP did separately. But they did not enhance the inhibition expression of protein of p190 or p170.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Drug-resistance could be reversed significantly when antisense phosphorothioate oligonucleotide of MDR1+MRP were transfected into drug-resistant human hepatocellular carcinoma cells SMMC-7721/ADM together.</p>